Scientific+Revolution+and+Enlightenment

**Brodie Black & Jake Blotsky**
 * Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment 1550-1800 A.D. **

//"Make woman rational creatures, and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives; that is-if men do not neglect the duties of husbands and fathers!"// **Mary Wollstonecraft**

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People:

1. Issac Newton: An author and scientest attended Cambridge University made the the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies 2. Galileo: Full name Galileo Galilei taught math first Europian to make regular observations of the sky using a telescope made many discoveries 3. Ptolemy: Ptolemy invented the Ptolemaic system which is that the universe is a series of concentric spheres that are one inside of the other 4. Margaret Cavendish: Born into an aristocratic family wrote a number of works on scietific matters one was called //Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy// //5.// Mary Wollstonecraft: Mary is considered to be the founder of the American and European Womans rights movements 6. John Wesley: John started on of the most famous new religious movements he started Methodism and he was also an Anglican minister 7. Johann Sebastian Bach: A famously renowned organist and composer of classical music he spent his whole life performing and living in Germany near Leipzig 8. George Frederick Handel: Born in Germany but spent most of his life living in England best known for his religious music one of the rarest works Messiah 9. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: One of the greatest composers ever he was one of the greatest musical mindes of the second half of the eighteenth century 10. Frederick the Great: One of the best educated and one of the most cultured monarchs duiring the eighteenth century also enlarged the Prussian Army



Terms: 1. Heliocentric: A system proved by Copernicus and Kepler which means that the Universe is centered around the sun their discoveries were published in books 2. Geocentric: A system was invented and proved by Ptolemy and means that the Earth is the center of the Universe and everything is around it 3. Ptolemaic system: Was invented by Ptolemy and used the idea of a Geocentric Universe which means that everything is centered around the Earth 4. Universal law of gravitation: This law explains why the planetay bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits 5. Scientific method: A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence scientists used this to prove their hypothisis 6. Rationalism: A system of thinking that is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge started by Descartes 7. Inductive reasoning: Scientists used this to learn about nature they would take the particular and change them to the general 8. Philosophe: This is what the Intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by the French word philosophe which means philosopher 9. Laissez-faire: The name of a doctorine which let the people do what they want teh word mean in french let people do what they want 10. Social contract: Through this a society agrees to be governed by its general will Individuals were not included in this system



1543 Nicholas Copernicus persents a new view of the universe 1620 Francis Bacon publishes the Novum Organum 1633 The church condems Galileo's teachings 1666 Royal Acadam of science founded in France 1687 Isaac Newton publishes the Principia 1751 Diderot becomes editor of the Encyclopedia 1759 James Wolfe Dies in battle outside Quebec Canada 1763 The Seven Years' War ends 1776 American Colonies declare independence from Britian 1788 The Constitution of the United States is ratified by nine states 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Women

In the Middle Ages, many educated European people took an interest in the world around them. These people were called natural philosophers as medieval scientists were known, did not make observations of the natural world. These scientists relied on little athority for their scientific discoveries and knowlage. One of these people was Ptolemy. Ptolemy made the first real system of how our solar system really works. His system is geocentric that means that all of the other planets orbit the Earth. In the Ptolemaic System the Earth was the center of the Universe. Later on Nicholas Copernicus a scientist from Poland proved Ptolemy wrong. He made the Copernican Universe. In his system the sun was the center of the Universe the Earth was just another planet. This theory was called Heliocentric. Later a scientist named Johannes Kepler proved this point by supporting Copernicus's data.

The person that really started to make a differance is Galileo. Galileo took what Copernicus proved and spred it throughout the world. He made the point known. He also made many other discoveries including that the moon has craters and mountians before people thought that the moon was round and glassy like a marble. Other things that he discovered is four of the moons around Jupiter and sunspots. All of Galileos discoveries were published in a book called The Starry Messenger in 1610. After publishing these dicoveries the Cathloic Church became scared and tried Galileo for being a heritic. Newton was another important person in this time period. He discovered the laws of gravity and proved them to be true. He also explained why the planets do not orbit in a circuler pattren but in an eclipse because of the gravity caused by the sun.

During this same time period the Enlightenment was going on. The Enlightenment was when the interst of philosophy and debate rose. Many of the greatest thinkers started during this time. Many diffrent ideas and religions were made such as Deism which is a religous philosophy based on reason and natural law. The people of the Enlightenment were also interested in medicne and surgery. Many of the discoveries and advancements were made during this period. The Seven Years War also happend during this time. New allies were made because of this war. France and England traded allies from the war before just because they wanted to fight themselves. The French and Indian war was also taking place in the Americans at almost the same time. This war was between the American colonies and the French and Indian people that were native of that area.

Links Th[|e Life and Story of Isaac Newton] This link tells the story of Sir Isaac Newton and about his discoveries [|Galileo his life] This link gives links to many other sections about Galileo in the site [|The history of Ptolemy] This link is about Ptolemy and his discoveries [|The Laws of Gravity] This link explains the laws of Gravity [|The Seven years war] This link explains and discribes The Seven Years War History of Salons- These were places where wealthy people would meet for formal gatherings. This page tells all about the history of these establishments. History of Astrology- This is the idea that the position of the stars affected human lives, and this page explains many men in history who believed it and the history of it. Galen & Physiology- This link explains Galen's life growing up and later what his works contributed to the medical field. Paracelsus- This gives a brief section for his biography and later goes on to explain his contributions to medicine. Antoine Lavisier- This wikipedia page tells about what he contributed to the biology and chemistry and many of his works.